Topmodel (Based on Beven and Kirkby, 1979 and later)

Assumption 1.

Hydraulic conductivity decreasing with depth - sensitivity parameter f

Assumption 2.

Saturated lateral flow driven by topographic gradient and controlled by depth to water table (soil moisture deficit).

Assumption 3.

Steady state. Saturated lateral flow related to equilibrium recharge rate.

Determines depth to water table and

saturation excess runoff generation

when z < 0

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